gcc (page 5)

   Options Controlling the Preprocessor
       These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source
       file before actual compilation.

       If you use the -E option, nothing is done except preprocessing.  Some
       of these options make sense only together with -E because they cause
       the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation.

       -Wp,option
           You can use -Wp,option to bypass the compiler driver and pass
           option directly through to the preprocessor.  If option contains
           commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.  However,
           many options are modified, translated or interpreted by the
           compiler driver before being passed to the preprocessor, and -Wp
           forcibly bypasses this phase.  The preprocessor's direct interface
           is undocumented and subject to change, so whenever possible you
           should avoid using -Wp and let the driver handle the options
           instead.

       -Xpreprocessor option
           Pass option as an option to the preprocessor.  You can use this to
           supply system-specific preprocessor options which GCC does not know
           how to recognize.

           If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
           -Xpreprocessor twice, once for the option and once for the
           argument.

       -D name
           Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

       -D name=definition
           The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they
           appeared during translation phase three in a #define directive.  In
           particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline
           characters.

           If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
           program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
           characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.

           If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
           write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
           equals sign (if any).  Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
           so you will need to quote the option.  With sh and csh,
           -D'name(args...)=definition' works.

           -D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the
           command line.  All -imacros file and -include file options are
           processed after all -D and -U options.

       -U name
           Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided
           with a -D option.

       -undef
           Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros.  The
           standard predefined macros remain defined.

       -I dir
           Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
           header files.  Directories named by -I are searched before the
           standard system include directories.  If the directory dir is a
           standard system include directory, the option is ignored to ensure
           that the default search order for system directories and the
           special treatment of system headers are not defeated .  If dir
           begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot
           prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.

       -o file
           Write output to file.  This is the same as specifying file as the
           second non-option argument to cpp.  gcc has a different
           interpretation of a second non-option argument, so you must use -o
           to specify the output file.

       -Wall
           Turns on all optional warnings which are desirable for normal code.
           At present this is -Wcomment, -Wtrigraphs, -Wmultichar and a
           warning about integer promotion causing a change of sign in "#if"
           expressions.  Note that many of the preprocessor's warnings are on
           by default and have no options to control them.

       -Wcomment
       -Wcomments
           Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /* comment,
           or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a // comment.  (Both
           forms have the same effect.)

       -Wtrigraphs
           Most trigraphs in comments cannot affect the meaning of the
           program.  However, a trigraph that would form an escaped newline
           (??/ at the end of a line) can, by changing where the comment
           begins or ends.  Therefore, only trigraphs that would form escaped
           newlines produce warnings inside a comment.

           This option is implied by -Wall.  If -Wall is not given, this
           option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled.  To get
           trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other -Wall
           warnings, use -trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs.

       -Wtraditional
           Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in
           traditional and ISO C.  Also warn about ISO C constructs that have
           no traditional C equivalent, and problematic constructs which
           should be avoided.

       -Wundef
           Warn whenever an identifier which is not a macro is encountered in
           an #if directive, outside of defined.  Such identifiers are
           replaced with zero.

       -Wunused-macros
           Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused.  A
           macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
           once.  The preprocessor will also warn if the macro has not been
           used at the time it is redefined or undefined.

           Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
           defined in include files are not warned about.

           Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
           conditional blocks, then CPP will report it as unused.  To avoid
           the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of the
           macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the first
           skipped block.  Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with
           something like:

                   #if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
                   #endif

       -Wendif-labels
           Warn whenever an #else or an #endif are followed by text.  This
           usually happens in code of the form

                   #if FOO
                   ...
                   #else FOO
                   ...
                   #endif FOO

           The second and third "FOO" should be in comments, but often are not
           in older programs.  This warning is on by default.

       -Werror
           Make all warnings into hard errors.  Source code which triggers
           warnings will be rejected.

       -Wsystem-headers
           Issue warnings for code in system headers.  These are normally
           unhelpful in finding bugs in your own code, therefore suppressed.
           If you are responsible for the system library, you may want to see
           them.

       -w  Suppress all warnings, including those which GNU CPP issues by
           default.

       -pedantic
           Issue all the mandatory diagnostics listed in the C standard.  Some
           of them are left out by default, since they trigger frequently on
           harmless code.

       -pedantic-errors
           Issue all the mandatory diagnostics, and make all mandatory
           diagnostics into errors.  This includes mandatory diagnostics that
           GCC issues without -pedantic but treats as warnings.

       -M  Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
           suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source
           file.  The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object
           file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the
           included files, including those coming from -include or -imacros
           command line options.

           Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the object file name
           consists of the name of the source file with any suffix replaced
           with object file suffix and with any leading directory parts
           removed.  If there are many included files then the rule is split
           into several lines using \-newline.  The rule has no commands.

           This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such
           as -dM.  To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
           rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
           -MF, or use an environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT.
           Debug output will still be sent to the regular output stream as
           normal.

           Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses warnings with
           an implicit -w.

       -MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found in system
           header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or
           indirectly, from such a header.

           This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in
           an #include directive does not in itself determine whether that
           header will appear in -MM dependency output.  This is a slight
           change in semantics from GCC versions 3.0 and earlier.

       -MF file
           When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the
           dependencies to.  If no -MF switch is given the preprocessor sends
           the rules to the same place it would have sent preprocessed output.

           When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF overrides the
           default dependency output file.

       -MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting dependency
           generation, -MG assumes missing header files are generated files
           and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error.  The
           dependency filename is taken directly from the "#include" directive
           without prepending any path.  -MG also suppresses preprocessed
           output, as a missing header file renders this useless.

           This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.

       -MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency
           other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing.  These
           dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header
           files without updating the Makefile to match.

           This is typical output:

                   test.o: test.c test.h

                   test.h:

       -MT target
           Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation.  By
           default CPP takes the name of the main input file, deletes any
           directory components and any file suffix such as .c, and appends
           the platform's usual object suffix.  The result is the target.

           An -MT option will set the target to be exactly the string you
           specify.  If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a
           single argument to -MT, or use multiple -MT options.

           For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give

                   $(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

       -MQ target
           Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are special to
           Make.  -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives

                   $$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

           The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
           with -MQ.

       -MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not implied.
           The driver determines file based on whether an -o option is given.
           If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix of .d,
           otherwise it takes the name of the input file, removes any
           directory components and suffix, and applies a .d suffix.

           If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is understood
           to specify the dependency output file, but if used without -E, each
           -o is understood to specify a target object file.

           Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a dependency
           output file as a side-effect of the compilation process.

       -MMD
           Like -MD except mention only user header files, not system header
           files.

       -fpch-deps
           When using precompiled headers, this flag will cause the
           dependency-output flags to also list the files from the precompiled
           header's dependencies.  If not specified only the precompiled
           header would be listed and not the files that were used to create
           it because those files are not consulted when a precompiled header
           is used.

       -fpch-preprocess
           This option allows use of a precompiled header together with -E.
           It inserts a special "#pragma", "#pragma GCC pch_preprocess
           """ in the output to mark the place where the precompiled
           header was found, and its filename.  When -fpreprocessed is in use,
           GCC recognizes this "#pragma" and loads the PCH.

           This option is off by default, because the resulting preprocessed
           output is only really suitable as input to GCC.  It is switched on
           by -save-temps.

           You should not write this "#pragma" in your own code, but it is
           safe to edit the filename if the PCH file is available in a
           different location.  The filename may be absolute or it may be
           relative to GCC's current directory.

       -x c
       -x c++
       -x objective-c
       -x assembler-with-cpp
           Specify the source language: C, C++, Objective-C, or assembly.
           This has nothing to do with standards conformance or extensions; it
           merely selects which base syntax to expect.  If you give none of
           these options, cpp will deduce the language from the extension of
           the source file: .c, .cc, .m, or .S.  Some other common extensions
           for C++ and assembly are also recognized.  If cpp does not
           recognize the extension, it will treat the file as C; this is the
           most generic mode.

           Note: Previous versions of cpp accepted a -lang option which
           selected both the language and the standards conformance level.
           This option has been removed, because it conflicts with the -l
           option.

       -std=standard
       -ansi
           Specify the standard to which the code should conform.  Currently
           CPP knows about C and C++ standards; others may be added in the
           future.

           standard may be one of:

           "iso9899:1990"
           "c89"
               The ISO C standard from 1990.  c89 is the customary shorthand
               for this version of the standard.

               The -ansi option is equivalent to -std=c89.

           "iso9899:199409"
               The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994.

           "iso9899:1999"
           "c99"
           "iso9899:199x"
           "c9x"
               The revised ISO C standard, published in December 1999.  Before
               publication, this was known as C9X.

           "gnu89"
               The 1990 C standard plus GNU extensions.  This is the default.

           "gnu99"
           "gnu9x"
               The 1999 C standard plus GNU extensions.

           "c++98"
               The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments.

           "gnu++98"
               The same as -std=c++98 plus GNU extensions.  This is the
               default for C++ code.

       -I- Split the include path.  Any directories specified with -I options
           before -I- are searched only for headers requested with
           "#include "file""; they are not searched for "#include ".  If
           additional directories are specified with -I options after the -I-,
           those directories are searched for all #include directives.

           In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of the current
           file directory as the first search directory for "#include "file"".
           This option has been deprecated.

       -nostdinc
           Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
           Only the directories you have specified with -I options (and the
           directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.

       -nostdinc++
           Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
           directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
           (This option is used when building the C++ library.)

       -include file
           Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line of
           the primary source file.  However, the first directory searched for
           file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the
           directory containing the main source file.  If not found there, it
           is searched for in the remainder of the "#include "..."" search
           chain as normal.

           If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
           the order they appear on the command line.

       -imacros file
           Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by scanning
           file is thrown away.  Macros it defines remain defined.  This
           allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
           processing its declarations.

           All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
           specified by -include.

       -idirafter dir
           Search dir for header files, but do it after all directories
           specified with -I and the standard system directories have been
           exhausted.  dir is treated as a system include directory.  If dir
           begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot
           prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.

       -iprefix prefix
           Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
           If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
           /.

       -iwithprefix dir
       -iwithprefixbefore dir
           Append dir to the prefix specified previously with -iprefix, and
           add the resulting directory to the include search path.
           -iwithprefixbefore puts it in the same place -I would; -iwithprefix
           puts it where -idirafter would.

       -isysroot dir
           This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to
           header files.  See the --sysroot option for more information.

       -imultilib dir
           Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-
           specific C++ headers.

       -isystem dir
           Search dir for header files, after all directories specified by -I
           but before the standard system directories.  Mark it as a system
           directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied
           to the standard system directories.  If dir begins with "=", then
           the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see --sysroot and
           -isysroot.

       -iquote dir
           Search dir only for header files requested with "#include "file"";
           they are not searched for "#include ", before all directories
           specified by -I and before the standard system directories.  If dir
           begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sysroot
           prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.

       -fdirectives-only
           When preprocessing, handle directives, but do not expand macros.

           The option's behavior depends on the -E and -fpreprocessed options.

           With -E, preprocessing is limited to the handling of directives
           such as "#define", "#ifdef", and "#error".  Other preprocessor
           operations, such as macro expansion and trigraph conversion are not
           performed.  In addition, the -dD option is implicitly enabled.

           With -fpreprocessed, predefinition of command line and most builtin
           macros is disabled.  Macros such as "__LINE__", which are
           contextually dependent, are handled normally.  This enables
           compilation of files previously preprocessed with "-E
           -fdirectives-only".

           With both -E and -fpreprocessed, the rules for -fpreprocessed take
           precedence.  This enables full preprocessing of files previously
           preprocessed with "-E -fdirectives-only".

       -fdollars-in-identifiers
           Accept $ in identifiers.

       -fextended-identifiers
           Accept universal character names in identifiers.  This option is
           experimental; in a future version of GCC, it will be enabled by
           default for C99 and C++.

       -fpreprocessed
           Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
           preprocessed.  This suppresses things like macro expansion,
           trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of
           most directives.  The preprocessor still recognizes and removes
           comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the
           compiler without problems.  In this mode the integrated
           preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.

           -fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of the
           extensions .i, .ii or .mi.  These are the extensions that GCC uses
           for preprocessed files created by -save-temps.

       -ftabstop=width
           Set the distance between tab stops.  This helps the preprocessor
           report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
           appear on the line.  If the value is less than 1 or greater than
           100, the option is ignored.  The default is 8.

       -fexec-charset=charset
           Set the execution character set, used for string and character
           constants.  The default is UTF-8.  charset can be any encoding
           supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.

       -fwide-exec-charset=charset
           Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
           character constants.  The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
           corresponds to the width of "wchar_t".  As with -fexec-charset,
           charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv"
           library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
           that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".

       -finput-charset=charset
           Set the input character set, used for translation from the
           character set of the input file to the source character set used by
           GCC.  If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this
           information from the locale, the default is UTF-8.  This can be
           overridden by either the locale or this command line option.
           Currently the command line option takes precedence if there's a
           conflict.  charset can be any encoding supported by the system's
           "iconv" library routine.

       -fworking-directory
           Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
           will let the compiler know the current working directory at the
           time of preprocessing.  When this option is enabled, the
           preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second
           linemarker with the current working directory followed by two
           slashes.  GCC will use this directory, when it's present in the
           preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current working
           directory in some debugging information formats.  This option is
           implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled, but this
           can be inhibited with the negated form -fno-working-directory.  If
           the -P flag is present in the command line, this option has no
           effect, since no "#line" directives are emitted whatsoever.

       -fno-show-column
           Do not print column numbers in diagnostics.  This may be necessary
           if diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not
           understand the column numbers, such as dejagnu.

       -A predicate=answer
           Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
           This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
           which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
           characters.

       -A -predicate=answer
           Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.

       -dCHARS
           CHARS is a sequence of one or more of the following characters, and
           must not be preceded by a space.  Other characters are interpreted
           by the compiler proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and
           so are silently ignored.  If you specify characters whose behavior
           conflicts, the result is undefined.

           M   Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define
               directives for all the macros defined during the execution of
               the preprocessor, including predefined macros.  This gives you
               a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
               preprocessor.  Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command

                       touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h

               will show all the predefined macros.

               If you use -dM without the -E option, -dM is interpreted as a
               synonym for -fdump-rtl-mach.

           D   Like M except in two respects: it does not include the
               predefined macros, and it outputs both the #define directives
               and the result of preprocessing.  Both kinds of output go to
               the standard output file.

           N   Like D, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.

           I   Output #include directives in addition to the result of
               preprocessing.

           U   Like D except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
               definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output;
               the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
               #undef directives are also output for macros tested but
               undefined at the time.

       -P  Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
           preprocessor.  This might be useful when running the preprocessor
           on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
           which might be confused by the linemarkers.

       -C  Do not discard comments.  All comments are passed through to the
           output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
           deleted along with the directive.

           You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
           the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
           For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
           directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
           ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
           longer a #.

       -CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion.  This is
           like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
           passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.

           In addition to the side-effects of the -C option, the -CC option
           causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
           C-style comments.  This is to prevent later use of that macro from
           inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.

           The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.

       -traditional-cpp
           Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C preprocessors, as
           opposed to ISO C preprocessors.

       -trigraphs
           Process trigraph sequences.  These are three-character sequences,
           all starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C to stand for single
           characters.  For example, ??/ stands for \, so '??/n' is a
           character constant for a newline.  By default, GCC ignores
           trigraphs, but in standard-conforming modes it converts them.  See
           the -std and -ansi options.

           The nine trigraphs and their replacements are

                   Trigraph:       ??(  ??)  ??<  ??>  ??=  ??/  ??'  ??!  ??-
                   Replacement:      [    ]    {    }    #    \    ^    |    ~

       -remap
           Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
           very short file names, such as MS-DOS.

       --help
       --target-help
           Print text describing all the command line options instead of
           preprocessing anything.

       -v  Verbose mode.  Print out GNU CPP's version number at the beginning
           of execution, and report the final form of the include path.

       -H  Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
           normal activities.  Each name is indented to show how deep in the
           #include stack it is.  Precompiled header files are also printed,
           even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header
           file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .

       -version
       --version
           Print out GNU CPP's version number.  With one dash, proceed to
           preprocess as normal.  With two dashes, exit immediately.

   Passing Options to the Assembler
       You can pass options to the assembler.

       -Wa,option
           Pass option as an option to the assembler.  If option contains
           commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.

       -Xassembler option
           Pass option as an option to the assembler.  You can use this to
           supply system-specific assembler options which GCC does not know
           how to recognize.

           If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
           -Xassembler twice, once for the option and once for the argument.